Such, as far as Durham could see, for he died in July, , was the conclusion of an enterprisewhich had started with high hopeand determination.
Since then much has been written, but among the many items it will not be invidious to mention three: Sir Charles Lucas's edition of the Report in three volumes Oxford, ; William Smith's calendarof the Durham papersin the report of the Public Archives of Canada, ; and ProfessorChester New's biography Oxford, Time, in one respect,has dealt kindly with Durham for it may now be concededthat in spite of defects in the Report,nostatepapereverissued by the Britishgovernment has had a more profound influenceon the courseof Canadian history or on the developmentof British policy throughoutthe empire as a whole.
Merits and defectscan nowbe seenclearly in perspective,and it is fitting that an attempt shouldbe made in this centenaryyear to appraisethe Reportin the light of recent scholarshipand to place it in its historical setting more clearly than has hitherto been done. Lord Tweedsmuir'sdiscerningtribute is from an addressdelivered by him at the annual dinner of the University of Toronto Law Club in Create Account. Suggest an Edit. Enter your suggested edit s to this article in the form field below.
Accessed 11 November In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Article published February 07, ; Last Edited November 06, The Canadian Encyclopedia , s. Thank you for your submission Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. In , the British politician Lord Durham was sent to British North America to investigate the causes of the rebellions of —38 in the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada.
Durham's famous Report on the Affairs of British North America led to a series of reforms and changes. These included uniting the two Canadas into a single colony, the Province of Canada , in See also: Act of Union.
The report also paved the way for responsible government. This was a critical step in the development of Canadian democracy. These included uniting the two Canadas into a single colony, the Province of Canada, in Dramatic Irony Cacophony Anaphora Setting. View all literature worksheets. View all literary device worksheets. View all Women's History worksheets. View all American Revolution worksheets. View all US History worksheets. View all Ancient History worksheets. View all World History worksheets.
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View all athlete worksheets. View all civil rights worksheets. It is virtually inconceivable that Durham, or any member of his staff, has been polygraphed as a precondition to gaining access to, for example, sensitive compartmented information SCI in connection with this investigation. Who are they, and what experience in foreign intelligence evaluation and analysis do they bring to the Durham probe? The difficulty in pursuing this objective is compounded by seeking to understand these complex issues in an environment where foreign actors go to extraordinary lengths to hide or obfuscate their activities.
Tradecraft standards for analytic foreign intelligence product have been refined over the years to ensure that the IC provides U.
Pursuit of this goal requires clearly expressing uncertainty, distinguishing between underlying information and analytic judgments and assumptions, exploring alternatives, and explaining change or consistency in judgments over time. Each step in this process employs some level of informed analytic discretion tempered by instinct and experience.
It is an unfortunate irony, however, that this same analytic phraseology if used in reporting the results of a criminal inquiry, for example, lends itself to opportunistic manipulation by partisans devoted to using that phraseology to support a particular narrative of the events in question.
Almost invariably in a trade that constantly wrestles with understanding the uncertain intentions of actors seeking to harm or undermine the national security of the United States, retrospective review of an analytic or investigative effort will identify actions that might have been done better, more completely, or differently when viewed with the benefit of hindsight.
But, much like a morbidity and mortality conference in medicine, the value of such retrospective review lies in the internal improvements that such a candid and confidential reassessment bring to the process examined — whether that be medical care or foreign intelligence analysis.
Thus, unless the Durham investigation reveals a demonstrably knowing violation of U. Moreover, as his handling of the Mueller Report shows, these dangers are exacerbated by the ability and willingness of the attorney general to redact and declassify selectively in a way that manages the information publicly available to ensure public perception is receptive to his view of events. All analysts expressed that they were free to debate, object to content, and assess confidence levels, as is normal and proper for the analytic process.
The ICA, along with the extensive investigative efforts taken by Mueller and Horowitz, seem unlikely to have left any material stone unturned regarding the details of Crossfire Hurricane and Russian interference in the presidential election.
If there are any pebbles left for Durham to unearth, they seem highly unlikely to suffice as evidence of criminal wrongdoing or of improper political motivation. This will not deter Durham from completing his tasking, which increasingly seems intended principally for political use by the Trump administration. No suggestion is intended here that the IC is immune to investigation. Intelligence activities are subject to multiple reporting and congressional oversight requirements there are over a half-dozen such requirements in the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act alone , and intelligence activities are regularly scrutinized by the Intelligence and Judiciary Committees in both houses of Congress.
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